Good health is a fundamental resource for social and economic prosperity and Europe has seen improvements over the past few decades in both health status and living and working conditions. But this study investigates differences in health status within and between European countries and examines some of the challenges faced by those seeking a healthier and more equitable society. Within the context of the European Union, the range of living conditions has widened tremendously in recent years as the Union has gone through an enlargement process. This diversity has translated into varied patterns of health across the region. Inequalities in income, education, housing and employment have directly or indirectly affected public health. In addition, certain diseases and causes of death are more likely to affect young people, whereas most are associated with older ages. All these factors need to be taken into account, and this study addresses some of the complexities involved. This book discusses and analyses the relationship between living conditions, socioeconomic factors and health, with the objective of framing a debate and policy action to create a healthier and fairer society across Europe. This study will serve to stimulate focused discussion by offering an essential overview of key issues affecting European nations and the health and well-being of their peoples.